Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner was a doctor.  He figured out a way to get rid of smallpox by noticing that people who had cows were immuned to smallpox because they all had a case of cowpoxs.  He took a young boy who had small pox and took some pus, then he injected him with cowpox later on.  He gave him cowpoxs and the kid got better. 

My Summary of the Ear

I have learned so much stuff from cochlear implants to test to figure out hearing.  One of the first things I learned would be the website that I did it was so cool.  It showed you how sound is produced and how to measure the sound and frequency with hertz, frequencies, and other stuff like that.  They showed how they measured it but something that kinda looks like an EKG and they also showed sound through glass cups.  Another thing was our patient, where we did a powerpoint over patient 10 which had otosclerosis which is a disease that has someone deaf in one ear then it goes to the next ear that was a lot of fun. Another great project was the ear diagram which was cool where we looked at an ear diagram and made a 3-D diagram with playdough. The next section I learned about the Rinne test with the sound fork. The way the sound fork works is by hitting it on your wrist getting it to ring and then put it up to the bone on the back of the ear.  Then when you can't hear it anymore than they take the end of sound fork and point it at the ear then keep hearing the ring they would do that with a graph and take the information and plug it into the diagram.  Then later on in this section we did the noise and sound test which is where we put headphones on and listened to a thing on a website and had to listen for numbers, then there is a keypad on the screen you type in the numbers that you hear that was a little bit difficult but it got easier the later you went on.  The next section was about the famous debate which was so cool because people would say something then people would later snap back at them with some more informative information.  They would have us research stuff then we would use it against them.  There was a pro and a con teams which was cool.  We had a lot of fun learning so much about the famous EAR.   

Summary of the lesson

I learned about this lesson by first antibiotic therapy which is where the antibiotics penicillin, tetracyclines, fluroquinolones, sulfa antibiotic.  Which is medicines that fight bacteria or antibiotics that fight off bacteria.  The second lesson is where the attack of the superbug.  This is where the body is attacked by the superbug and it can't fight it off with the "antibiotic" to be in the body. We also learned about a family named Culbreath that their husband and father had to use CIPRO but it didn't work because he used that for his chickens and he was use to it.  We also learned about conjugation, transformation, transduction which is a series of events that happens when getting rid of the DNA to another cell.  The third lesson is where they have antibiotic fails which like the Culbreath case was an antibiotic fail it happens very frequent and we played the game to find out how many times it would actually fail.  All bodies can fail against antibiotics. 

Antibiotic Resistence

Antibiotic Resistence is a something that everybody has in their body and it is where they pretty much where the target protein is the big body guard that protects the microorganisms with an antibiotic. Genes during a antibiotic resistence can be shared between each resistant gene by conjugation, transformation, or transduction which they are transfered by plasmid.  Conjugation is where it is pretty much called sexual reproduction because a tube called a pilus is the transportation of the genes between which is a transfer of genes for antibiotic resistence.  Transformation is where the cell breaks up and the cell has "naked" DNA floating by itself now and break apart and slide into another cell and start all over.  Transduction is where is the virus or bacteriophage shoots its DNA into a cell and that cell makes more bacteriophage DNA and the cell dies and those viruses attack other cells this causes a mutation in the cell.

Summary of meningitis

My group first read about Sue and all of her friends and all the things they did like going to the infirmary and doing different things like sharing drinks and snacks and different things like that.  Then we ended up doing a spinal tap and testing in the ELISA test and ended up finding out that she was the starter of the outbreak and it spread to her friends.  The test showed that she did have meningitis.  People started showing symptoms like headache, soreness in the body, fever, and some of them even had a fever.  People could've spreaded the disease because they were in close quarters like dorms, some even shared snacks and drinks together.  All the symptoms showed that they all had meningitis some wasn't as strong as others.  I ended up figuring out that they should keep the sick ones in a room or a dorm room and keep the non sick ones out and keep them in their for at least a week, give them plenty of liquids, and give them antibiotics from the infirmary.  Hopefully they will get better by then. 

meningitis

Bacterial meningitis could be a very horrible disease if not treated correctly and if it stayed to long in the body.  Meningitis is a disease of the spinal cord and the brain that is where a protective membrane around the spinal cord and the brain called the meningies. The patients have many symptoms for meningitis.  Some of the symptoms that are found in the people would be headache, pain everywhere on the body, and high fever.  Some of the things that would have the symptoms moved around would be people living in close quarters such as dorms.  Even when they share everything like drinks and food disease could be moved really easy through that stuff. 

Antibodies and Antigens

First,  the body works awesome when it comes to antigens and antibodies.  The body works by first an antigen has to come into the body and then the immune system does it job by building an antibody to fight off the antigen.  Then when it is built it attacks the antigen.  The B lymphocytes are stored in the bone marrow which is used in the process of the making of the antibody to kill the antigen.  Afterwards, the B lymphocytes stay around and protect against anymore of the antigen that comes in and if there is anymore then it will make more antibodies.